• Red Alert Tesla Coil Sound Effect

Electrical bursts, zaps arc, Tesla coils and more electrifying sound effects. All original sounds made in our secret reanimation lab while try to bring the monster to life. It was going well until it was shut down by the Health Department. Tesla’s Healing Fields of Sound, Light and Electromagnetic Field Therapy. Robert Connolly is producing a film about the life of Nikola Tesla and he will present interactive segments from his film ” Tesla’s Medicine: Healing Fields” at the Toronto Convention Centre on Saturday April 13 from 6PM to – 9PM during the Total Health Show. Tesla Coil Sound Effect Free. 2/6/2018 0 Comments Solid state tesla coil Introduction As a power electronics engineer, I frequently work with large semiconductors in power supplies and motor drives, etc. These often switch thousands of watts at several hundreds of kilohertz. Modern power transistors offer an increasingly viable alternative to.

Tesla coil at – the National Science and Technology center in,UsesApplication in educational demonstrations, novelty,InventorRelated items,A Tesla coil is an electrical designed by inventor in 1891. It is used to produce high-, low-, high electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled.Tesla used these circuits to conduct innovative experiments in electrical, phenomena, and the. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in for until the 1920s, and in medical equipment such as and devices. Today, their main usage is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used as leak detectors for high vacuum systems. Homemade Tesla coil in operation, showing from the toroid.

The high causes the air around the high voltage terminal to and conduct electricity, allowing electricity to leak into the air in colorful,. Tesla coils are used for entertainment at science museums and public events, and for special effects in movies and television.A Tesla coil is a that drives an air-core double-tuned to produce high voltages at low currents. Tesla's original circuits as well as most modern coils use a simple to excite oscillations in the tuned transformer. More sophisticated designs use or switches or to drive the resonant transformer.Tesla coils can produce output voltages from 50 to several million volts for large coils. The alternating current output is in the low range, usually between 50 kHz and 1 MHz.

Although some oscillator-driven coils generate a continuous, most Tesla coils have a pulsed output; the high voltage consists of a rapid string of pulses of radio frequency alternating current.The common spark-excited Tesla coil circuit, shown below, consists of these components:. A high voltage supply (T), to step the AC mains voltage up to a high enough voltage to jump the spark gap. Typical voltages are between 5 and 30 kilovolts (kV). A (C1) that forms a tuned circuit with the L1 of the Tesla transformer. A (SG) that acts as a switch in the primary circuit. The Tesla coil (L1, L2), an air-core double-tuned, which generates the high output voltage. Optionally, a capacitive electrode (top load) (E) in the form of a smooth metal sphere or attached to the secondary terminal of the coil.

Its large surface area suppresses premature air breakdown and arc discharges, increasing the and output voltage.Resonant transformer. A more detailed of the secondary showing the contributions of various stray capacitances.The specialized transformer used in the Tesla coil circuit, called a, or radio-frequency (RF) transformer, functions differently from an ordinary transformer used in AC power circuits. While an ordinary transformer is designed to transfer energy efficiently from primary to secondary winding, the resonant transformer is also designed to temporarily store electrical energy. Each winding has a across it and functions as an (resonant circuit, ), storing oscillating electrical energy, analogously to a. The (L1) consisting of a relatively few turns of heavy copper wire or tubing, is connected to a (C1) through the (SG). The (L2) consists of many turns (hundreds to thousands) of fine wire on a hollow cylindrical form inside the primary.

The secondary is not connected to an actual capacitor, but it also functions as an LC circuit, the inductance of (L2) resonates with stray capacitance (C2), the sum of the stray between the windings of the coil, and the capacitance of the metal electrode attached to the high voltage terminal. The primary and secondary circuits are tuned so they resonate at the same frequency, they have the same. This allows them to exchange energy, so the oscillating current alternates back and forth between the primary and secondary coils.The peculiar design of the coil is dictated by the need to achieve low resistive energy losses at high frequencies, which results in the largest secondary voltages:.

Ordinary power transformers have an to increase the magnetic coupling between the coils. However at high frequencies an iron core causes energy losses due to and, so it is not used in the Tesla coil.

Ordinary transformers are designed to be 'tightly coupled'. Due to the iron core and close proximity of the windings, they have a high (M), the is close to unity 0.95 - 1.0, which means almost all the magnetic field of the primary winding passes through the secondary. The Tesla transformer in contrast is 'loosely coupled', the primary winding is larger in diameter and spaced apart from the secondary, so the mutual inductance is lower and the coupling coefficient is only 0.05 to 0.2. This means that only 5% to 20% of the magnetic field of the primary coil passes through the secondary when it is open circuited. The loose coupling slows the exchange of energy between the primary and secondary coils, which allows the oscillating energy to stay in the secondary circuit longer before it returns to the primary and begins dissipating in the spark.

Each winding is also limited to a single layer of wire, which reduces losses. The primary carries very high currents. Since high frequency current mostly flows on the surface of conductors due to, it is often made of copper tubing or strip with a large surface area to reduce resistance, and its turns are spaced apart, which reduces proximity effect losses and arcing between turns. Solid state DRSSTC Tesla coil with pointed wire attached to toroid to produceMost Tesla coil designs have a smooth spherical or shaped metal electrode on the high voltage terminal.

The electrode serves as one plate of a, with the Earth as the other plate, forming the with the secondary winding. Although the 'toroid' increases the secondary capacitance, which tends to reduce the peak voltage, its main effect is that its large diameter curved surface reduces the at the high voltage terminal, increasing the voltage threshold at which air discharges such as corona and brush discharges occur. Suppressing premature air breakdown and energy loss allows the voltage to build to higher values on the peaks of the waveform, creating longer, more spectacular streamers.If the top electrode is large and smooth enough, the electric field at its surface may never get high enough even at the peak voltage to cause air breakdown, and air discharges will not occur. Some entertainment coils have a sharp 'spark point' projecting from the torus to start discharges. Bottom side of the PCB, containing digital electronic components such as MCU and Bluetooth module to provide wireless MIDI-compatibility. Also contains IGBT drivers, analog comparators, and 7400-series glue logic.The term 'Tesla coil' is applied to a number of high voltage resonant transformer circuits.Tesla coil circuits can be classified by the type of 'excitation' they use, what type of circuit is used to apply current to the primary winding of the resonant transformer:.

Spark-excited or Spark Gap Tesla Coil (SGTC) - This type uses a to switch pulses of current through the primary, exciting oscillation in the transformer. This pulsed (disruptive) drive creates a pulsed high voltage output. Spark gaps have disadvantages due to the high primary currents they must handle. They produce a very loud noise while operating, noxious gas, and high temperatures which often require a cooling system. The energy dissipated in the spark also reduces the and the output voltage.

Static spark gap - This is the most common type, which was described in detail in the previous section. It is used in most entertainment coils. An AC voltage from a high voltage supply transformer charges a capacitor, which discharges through the spark gap. The spark rate is not adjustable but is determined by the line frequency.

Multiple sparks may occur on each half-cycle, so the pulses of output voltage may not be equally-spaced. Static triggered spark gap - Commercial and industrial circuits often apply a DC voltage from a power supply to charge the capacitor, and use high voltage pulses generated by an oscillator applied to a triggering electrode to trigger the spark. This allows control of the spark rate and exciting voltage. Commercial spark gaps are often enclosed in an insulating gas atmosphere such as, reducing the length and thus the energy loss in the spark. Rotary spark gap - These use a spark gap consisting of electrodes around the periphery of a wheel rotated at high speed by a motor, which create sparks when they pass by a stationary electrode. Tesla used this type on his big coils, and they are used today on large entertainment coils. The rapid separation speed of the electrodes quenches the spark quickly, allowing 'first notch' quenching, making possible higher voltages.

The wheel is usually driven by a, so the sparks are synchronized with the AC line frequency, the spark occurring at the same point on the AC waveform on each cycle, so the primary pulses are repeatable. This block diagram explains the principle of Tesla coil current resonance type driving circuit. Switched or Solid State Tesla Coil (SSTC) - These use, usually or such as or, to switch pulses of current from a DC power supply through the primary winding.

They provide pulsed (disruptive) excitation without the disadvantages of a spark gap: the loud noise, high temperatures, and poor efficiency. The voltage, frequency, and excitation waveform can be finely controllable. SSTCs are used in most commercial, industrial, and research applications as well as higher quality entertainment coils. Single resonant solid state Tesla coil (SRSSTC) - In this circuit the primary does not have a capacitor and so is not a tuned circuit; only the secondary is.

The pulses of current to the primary from the switching transistors excite resonance in the secondary tuned circuit. Single tuned SSTCs are simpler, but don't have as high a Q and cannot produce as high voltage from a given input power as the DRSSTC. Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla Coil (DRSSTC) - The circuit is similar to the double tuned spark excited circuit, except in place of the spark gap semiconductor switches are used. This functions similarly to the double tuned spark-excited circuit. Since both primary and secondary are resonant it has higher Q and can generate higher voltage for a given input power than the SRSSTC. or musical Tesla coil - This is a Tesla coil which can be played like a musical instrument, with its high voltage discharges reproducing simple musical tones.

The drive current pulses applied to the primary are modulated at an audio rate by a solid state 'interrupter' circuit, causing the arc discharge from the high voltage terminal to emit sounds. Only tones and simple chords have been produced so far; the coil cannot function as a, reproducing complex music or voice sounds. The sound output is controlled by a keyboard or applied to the circuit through a interface. Two techniques have been used: AM ( of the exciting voltage) and PFM. These are mainly built as novelties for entertainment. Continuous wave - In these the transformer is driven by a, which applies a sinusoidal current to the transformer.

The primary tuned circuit serves as the of the oscillator, and the circuit resembles a. Unlike the previous circuits which generate a pulsed output, they generate a continuous output. Power are often used as active devices instead of transistors because they are more robust and tolerant of overloads. In general, continuous excitation produces lower output voltages from a given input power than pulsed excitation.Tesla circuits can also be classified by how many they contain:. Two coil or double-resonant circuits - Virtually all present Tesla coils use the two coil, consisting of a primary winding to which current pulses are applied, and a secondary winding that produces the high voltage, invented by Tesla in 1891.

The term 'Tesla coil' normally refers to these circuits. Three coil, triple-resonant, or magnifier circuits - These are circuits with three coils, based on Tesla's 'magnifying transmitter' circuit which he began experimenting with sometime before 1898 and installed in his Colorado Springs lab 1899-1900, and patented in 1902. They consist of a two coil air-core step-up transformer similar to the Tesla transformer, with the secondary connected to a third coil not magnetically coupled to the others, called the 'extra' or 'resonator' coil, which is series-fed and resonates with its own capacitance. The presence of three energy-storing gives this circuit more complicated resonant behavior.

It is the subject of research, but has been used in few practical applications.History. Main article:Electrical oscillation and even resonant air-core transformer circuits had been explored and developed before Tesla, including in (1850), and resonant transformers developed by (1889) and (1890). Tesla patented his Tesla coil circuit April 25, 1891. And first publicly demonstrated it May 20, 1891 in his lecture ' Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination' before the at, New York. Although Tesla patented many similar circuits during this period, this was the first that contained all the elements of the Tesla coil: high voltage primary transformer, capacitor, spark gap, and air core 'oscillation transformer'. Tesla coil in terrarium (I)Modern high-voltage enthusiasts usually build Tesla coils similar to some of Tesla's 'later' 2-coil air-core designs.

These typically consist of a primary, a series LC (-) circuit composed of a high-voltage, and, and the secondary LC circuit, a series-resonant circuit consisting of the plus a terminal capacitance or 'top load'. In Tesla's more advanced (magnifier) design, a third coil is added. The secondary LC circuit is composed of a tightly coupled air-core transformer secondary coil driving the bottom of a separate third coil helical resonator. Modern 2-coil systems use a single secondary coil.

The top of the secondary is then connected to a topload terminal, which forms one 'plate' of a, the other 'plate' being the earth (or '). The primary LC circuit is tuned so that it at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core transformer. Earlier oil-insulated Tesla coils needed large and long insulators at their high-voltage terminals to prevent discharge in air. Later Tesla coils spread their electric fields over larger distances to prevent high electrical stresses in the first place, thereby allowing operation in free air.

Most modern Tesla coils also use toroid-shaped output terminals. These are often fabricated from or flexible aluminum ducting. The toroidal shape helps to control the high electrical field near the top of the secondary by directing sparks outward and away from the primary and secondary windings.A more complex version of a Tesla coil, termed a 'magnifier' by Tesla, uses a more tightly coupled air-core resonance 'driver' transformer (or 'master oscillator') and a smaller, remotely located output coil (called the 'extra coil' or simply the ) that has a large number of turns on a relatively small coil form. The bottom of the driver's secondary winding is connected to ground. The opposite end is connected to the bottom of the extra coil through an insulated conductor that is sometimes called the transmission line. Since the transmission line operates at relatively high RF voltages, it is typically made of 1' diameter metal tubing to reduce corona losses.

Since the third coil is located some distance away from the driver, it is not magnetically coupled to it. RF energy is instead directly coupled from the output of the driver into the bottom of the third coil, causing it to 'ring up' to very high voltages. The combination of the two-coil driver and third coil resonator adds another degree of freedom to the system, making tuning considerably more complex than that of a 2-coil system. The transient response for multiple resonance networks (of which the Tesla magnifier is a sub-set) has only recently been solved. It is now known that a variety of useful tuning 'modes' are available, and in most operating modes the extra coil will ring at a different frequency than the master oscillator.

Primary switching. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged. ( August 2015) Modern or Tesla coils do not use a primary spark gap. Instead, the transistor(s) or vacuum tube(s) provide the switching or amplifying function necessary to generate RF power for the primary circuit. Solid-state Tesla coils use the lowest primary operating voltage, typically between 155 and 800 volts, and drive the primary winding using either a single, or arrangement of, or to switch the primary current.

Vacuum tube coils typically operate with plate voltages between 1500 and 6000 volts, while most spark gap coils operate with primary voltages of 6,000 to 25,000 volts. The primary winding of a traditional transistor Tesla coil is wound around only the bottom portion of the secondary coil.

This configuration illustrates operation of the secondary as a pumped resonator. The primary 'induces' alternating voltage into the bottom-most portion of the secondary, providing regular 'pushes' (similar to providing properly timed pushes to a playground swing). Additional energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary inductance and top-load capacitance during each 'push', and secondary output voltage builds (called 'ring-up'). An electronic circuit is usually used to adaptively synchronize the primary to the growing resonance in the secondary, and this is the only tuning consideration beyond the initial choice of a reasonable top-load.

Demonstration of the Nevada Lightning Laboratory 1:12 scale prototype twin Tesla Coil at 2008In a dual resonant solid-state Tesla coil (DRSSTC), the electronic switching of the solid-state Tesla coil is combined with the resonant primary circuit of a spark-gap Tesla coil. The resonant primary circuit is formed by connecting a capacitor in series with the primary winding of the coil, so that the combination forms a series with a resonant frequency near that of the secondary circuit. Because of the additional resonant circuit, one manual and one adaptive tuning adjustment are necessary. Also, an is usually used to reduce the of the switching bridge, to improve peak power capabilities; similarly, IGBTs are more popular in this application than or MOSFETs, due to their superior power handling characteristics. A current-limiting circuit is usually used to limit maximum primary tank current (which must be switched by the IGBT's) to a safe level. Performance of a DRSSTC can be comparable to a medium-power spark-gap Tesla coil, and efficiency (as measured by spark length versus input power) can be significantly greater than a spark-gap Tesla coil operating at the same input power.Practical aspects of design.

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( June 2018)High voltage production A large Tesla coil of more modern design often operates at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (millions of ). It is therefore adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a discharge may break out and damage or destroy the coil wire, supports, or nearby objects. Alternative circuit configurationWith the capacitor in parallel to the first transformer and the spark gap in series to the Tesla-coil primary, the AC supply transformer must be capable of withstanding high voltages at high frequencies.Tesla experimented with these, and many other, circuit configurations (see right).

The Tesla coil primary winding, spark gap and tank capacitor are connected in series. In each circuit, the AC supply transformer charges the tank capacitor until its voltage is sufficient to break down the spark gap. The gap suddenly fires, allowing the charged tank capacitor to discharge into the primary winding. Once the gap fires, the electrical behavior of either circuit is identical.

Experiments have shown that neither circuit offers any marked performance advantage over the other.However, in the typical circuit, the spark gap's short circuiting action prevents high-frequency oscillations from 'backing up' into the supply transformer. In the alternate circuit, high amplitude high frequency oscillations that appear across the capacitor also are applied to the supply transformer's winding.

This can induce between turns that weaken and eventually destroy the transformer's insulation. Experienced Tesla coil builders almost exclusively use the top circuit, often augmenting it with low pass filters (resistor and capacitor (RC) networks) between the supply transformer and spark gap to help protect the supply transformer. This is especially important when using transformers with fragile high-voltage windings, such as transformers (NSTs). Regardless of which configuration is used, the HV transformer must be of a type that self-limits its secondary current by means of internal. A normal (low leakage inductance) high-voltage transformer must use an external limiter (sometimes called a ballast) to limit current. NSTs are designed to have high leakage inductance to limit their short circuit current to a safe level.Tuning The primary coil's resonant frequency is tuned to that of the secondary, by using low-power oscillations, then increasing the power (and retuning if necessary) until the system operates properly at maximum power. While tuning, a small projection (called a 'breakout bump') is often added to the top terminal in order to stimulate corona and spark discharges (sometimes called streamers) into the surrounding air.

Tuning can then be adjusted so as to achieve the longest streamers at a given power level, corresponding to a frequency match between the primary and secondary coil. Capacitive 'loading' by the streamers tends to lower the resonant frequency of a Tesla coil operating under full power. A toroidal topload is often preferred to other shapes, such as a sphere. A toroid with a major diameter that is much larger than the secondary diameter provides improved shaping of the electrical field at the topload. This provides better protection of the secondary winding (from damaging streamer strikes) than a sphere of similar diameter.

And, a toroid permits fairly independent control of topload capacitance versus spark breakout voltage. A toroid's capacitance is mainly a function of its major diameter, while the spark breakout voltage is mainly a function of its minor diameter. A grid dip oscillator (GDO) is sometimes used to help facilitate initial tuning and aid in design. The resonant frequency of the secondary can be difficult to determine except by using a GDO or other experimental method, whereas the physical properties of the primary more closely represent first-order approximations of RF tank design.

In this schema the secondary is built somewhat arbitrarily in imitation of other successful designs, or entirely so with supplies on hand, it's resonant frequency is measured and the primary designed to suit.Air discharges. A small, later-type Tesla coil in operation: The output is giving 43-cm sparks. The diameter of the secondary is 8 cm. The power source is a 10 000 V, 60 supply.While generating discharges, electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge, heat, light, and sound. The process is similar to charging or discharging a, except that a Tesla coil uses AC instead of DC.

The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a. Tesla coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical charge are rapidly transferred between the high-voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air (called regions).

Although the space charge regions around the toroid are invisible, they play a profound role in the appearance and location of Tesla coil discharges.When the spark gap fires, the charged capacitor discharges into the primary winding, causing the primary circuit to oscillate. The oscillating primary current creates an oscillating magnetic field that couples to the secondary winding, transferring energy into the secondary side of the transformer and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance to ground. Energy transfer occurs over a number of cycles, until most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred to the secondary side. The greater the magnetic coupling between windings, the shorter the time required to complete the energy transfer. As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit, the amplitude of the toroid's RF voltage rapidly increases, and the air surrounding the toroid begins to undergo, forming a.As the secondary coil's energy (and output voltage) continue to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown. This forms a very electrically conductive 'root' of hotter, called a, that projects outward from the toroid.

Download winning eleven 12. The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge, and is considerably more conductive. In fact, its properties are similar to an. The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner, cooler, hair-like discharges (called streamers). The streamers look like a bluish 'haze' at the ends of the more luminous leaders. The streamers transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions. The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader, helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive.The primary break rate of sparking Tesla coils is slow compared to the resonant frequency of the resonator-topload assembly. When the switch closes, energy is transferred from the primary LC circuit to the resonator where the voltage rings up over a short period of time up culminating in the electrical discharge.

In a spark gap Tesla coil, the primary-to-secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of 50–500 times per second, depending on the frequency of the input line voltage. At these rates, previously-formed leader channels do not get a chance to fully cool down between pulses. So, on successive pulses, newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by their predecessors. This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next, lengthening the entire discharge on each successive pulse. Repetitive pulsing causes the discharges to grow until the average energy available from the Tesla coil during each pulse balances the average energy being lost in the discharges (mostly as heat).

At this point, is reached, and the discharges have reached their maximum length for the Tesla coil's output power level. The unique combination of a rising high-voltage envelope and repetitive pulsing seem to be ideally suited to creating long, branching discharges that are considerably longer than would be otherwise expected by output voltage considerations alone. High-voltage, low-energy discharges create filamentary multibranched discharges which are purplish-blue in colour. High-voltage, high-energy discharges create thicker discharges with fewer branches, are pale and luminous, almost white, and are much longer than low-energy discharges, because of increased ionisation. A strong smell of ozone and nitrogen oxides will occur in the area. The important factors for maximum discharge length appear to be voltage, energy, and still air of low to moderate humidity. There are comparatively few scientific studies about the initiation and growth of pulsed lower-frequency RF discharges, so some aspects of Tesla coil air discharges are not as well understood when compared to DC, power-frequency AC, HV impulse, and lightning discharges.Applications Today, although small Tesla coils are used as leak detectors in scientific high vacuum systems and igniters in, their main use is entertainment and educational displays.Education and entertainment.

Sculpture, the world's largest Tesla coil. Builder Eric Orr is visible sitting inside the hollow spherical high voltage electrode.Tesla coils are displayed as attractions at and electronics fairs, and are used to demonstrate principles of high frequency electricity in science classes in schools and colleges.Since they are simple enough for an amateur to make, Tesla coils are a popular student project, and are homemade by a large worldwide community of hobbyists. Builders of Tesla coils as a hobby are called 'coilers'. They attend 'coiling' conventions where they display their home-made Tesla coils and other high voltage devices. Low-power Tesla coils are also sometimes used as a high-voltage source forThe world's largest currently existing Tesla coil is a 130,000-watt unit, part of a 38-foot-tall (12 m) sculpture titled owned by and currently resides in a private sculpture park at Kakanui Point near,. A very large Tesla coil, designed and built by Syd Klinge, is shown every year at the, in Coachella, Indio, California, USA.

Austin Richards, a physicist in California, created a metal Faraday Suit in 1997 that protects him from Tesla coil discharges. In 1998, he named the character in the suit Doctor MegaVolt and has performed all over the world and at nine different years.Tesla coils can also be used to generate sounds, including music, by modulating the system's effective 'break rate' (i.e., the rate and duration of high power RF bursts) via data and a control unit. The actual MIDI data is interpreted by a microcontroller which converts the MIDI data into a output which can be sent to the Tesla coil via a fiber optic interface. The video shows a performance on matching solid state coils operating at 41 kHz. The coils were built and operated by designer hobbyists Jeff Larson and Steve Ward. The device has been named the, after, Greek god of lightning, and as a play on words referencing the. The idea of playing music on the flies around the world and a few followers continue the work of initiators.

An extensive outdoor musical concert has demonstrated using Tesla coils during the Engineering Open House (EOH) at the. The Icelandic artist used a Tesla coil in her song 'Thunderbolt' as the main instrument in the song. The musical group uses modulated Tesla coils and a man in a chain-link suit to play music.Vacuum system leak detectors Scientists working with high vacuum systems test for the presence of tiny pin holes in the apparatus (especially a newly blown piece of glassware) using high-voltage discharges produced by a small handheld Tesla coil. When the system is evacuated the high voltage electrode of the coil is played over the outside of the apparatus. At low pressures, air is more easily ionized and thus conducts electricity better than atmospheric pressure air. Therefore, the discharge travels through any pin hole immediately below it, producing a inside the evacuated space which illuminates the hole, indicating points that need to be annealed or reblown before they can be used in an experiment.Health hazards The high voltage (RF) discharges from the output terminal of a Tesla coil pose a unique hazard not found in other high voltage equipment: when passed through the body they often do not cause the painful sensation and muscle contraction of, as lower frequency AC or DC currents do.

The nervous system is insensitive to currents with frequencies over 10 – 20 kHz. It is thought that the reason for this is that a certain minimum number of must be driven across a 's membrane by the imposed voltage to trigger the nerve cell to depolarize and transmit an impulse. At radio frequencies, there is insufficient time during a half-cycle for enough ions to cross the membrane before the alternating voltage reverses. The danger is that since no pain is felt, experimenters often assume the currents are harmless.

Teachers and hobbyists demonstrating small Tesla coils often impress their audience by touching the high voltage terminal or allowing the streamer arcs to pass through their body.If the arcs from the high voltage terminal strike the bare skin, they can cause deep-seated burns called RF burns. This is often avoided by allowing the arcs to strike a piece of metal held in the hand, or a thimble on a finger, instead.

The current passes from the metal into the person's hand through a wide enough surface area to avoid causing burns. Often no sensation is felt, or just a warmth or tingling.However this does not mean the current is harmless. Even a small Tesla coil produces many times the electrical energy necessary to stop the heart, if the frequency happens to be low enough to cause. A minor misadjustment of the coil could result in. In addition, the RF current heats the tissues it passes through. Tesla coil currents, applied directly to the skin by electrodes, were used in the early 20th century for deep body tissue heating in the medical field of longwave.

The amount of heating depends on the current density, which depends on the power output of the Tesla coil and the cross-sectional area of the path the current takes through the body to ground. Particularly if it passes through narrow structures such as blood vessels or joints it may raise the local tissue temperature to levels, 'cooking' internal organs or causing other injuries.

International safety standards for RF current in the body in the Tesla coil frequency range of 0.1 - 1 MHz specify a maximum current density of 0.2 mA per square centimeter and a maximum (SAR) in tissue of 4 W/kg in limbs and 0.8 W/kg average over the body. Even low power Tesla coils could exceed these limits, and it is generally impossible to determine the threshold current where bodily injury begins. Being struck by arcs from a high power ( 1000 watt) Tesla coil is likely to be fatal.Another reported hazard of this practice is that arcs from the high voltage terminal often strike the primary winding of the coil. This momentarily creates a conductive path for the lethal 50/60 Hz primary current from the supply transformer to reach the output terminal.

Physicist: Stripped down to it’s most essential parts, a is a wire sticking out of the ground. To get sparks to fly out of the top the rest of the machine “sloshes” electrons up and down the wire.The picture you should have in your head is a long bathtub, open to the ocean on one end. The machinery of the Tesla coil is like some dude in the bathtub sliding back and forth, splashing water (electrons) out of the closed end, while the tub is refilled from the ocean (ground).The electricity in the primary coil is what’s doing the pushing, and the electricity in the secondary coil is what’s being pushed. To understand how the driving mechanism works requires a new metaphor and some answer gravy. Aside from inspiring fear, Tesla coils are useless.

Truly, Tesla was a genius. The strange shape is an attempt to avoid arching from the torus to the primary coil, which is bad.Answer gravy: To get sparks to really fly you need very high voltage (up to several million volts) at a fairly exact frequency. The current that flows up and down the secondary coil, and sloshes out the top, has a high resonant frequency (MHz, unless the coil is ridiculously huge) that you really can’t do much about. But the current coming out of the wall has a frequency of only 60 Hz. One possible circuit configuration for a Tesla coil.So how do you change frequencies?

The answer is you “pluck” the primary coil. For example: If you pick a guitar string once a second you have a frequency of 1 Hz, but the string vibrates on its own at whatever frequency it’s made for (10 kHz).The AC mains have a low frequency (60 Hz) while the secondary coil needs to be driven at a high frequency (1,000,000 Hz).

That means that the secondary will slosh back and forth thousands of times every time the current from the wall turns over just once. Since the fast part of the circuit is so much faster than the slow part, you can just pretend that the current from the is DC (direct current = 0 Hz).The secret to plucking is to change the circuit’s “shape” using a spark gap. Spark gaps have some pretty slick properties. They have an essentially infinite resistance until a high enough voltage is applied across them, at which point they spark (hence the name).

The spark you see is the air being pulled apart and ionized. Now ionized gas is a really good conductor, so a spark is like instantly closing a switch.Also, spark gaps are the cheapest circuit element evar. Can you cut a wire? Now you got a gap!Also, adding spark gaps to a device is one of the quickest ways to bridge the divide between regular and mad science. The transformer on the left forces charge to build up in the capacitor on the top. But the voltage across a capacitor is proportional to the amount of charge it's holding, so eventually the voltage is high enough to trip the spark gap.The only job that the slow part of the circuit has is to charge the (pull back the string).

When the spark gap sparks (pluck!) the fast part of the circuit takes over, and the slow part is essentially ignored until all the energy is exhausted by exciting the secondary coil (string vibrates and slows). With the spark gap active the charge can flow out of the capacitor and swing back and forth many times, very fast (thousands to millions of times per second). The current through the primary coil then drives current up and down the secondary, causing electrons to 'overflow' from the top of the Tesla coil.

The 'overflow' is a delight to children of all ages.As current flows through the primary it creates a voltage across the secondary that’s so high that electricity actually flies out of the top of the coil, despite having nowhere in particular to go. It generally takes at least several hundred thousand volts to make that happen.The loop in the picture above forms an with a high (that matches the frequency dictated by the secondary).

As the energy in this system runs out the voltage needed to maintain the spark gap (which is much less than the voltage needed to start it) is lost, and the whole thing returns to the slow, charging phase.Since the power supply oscillates at 60 Hz, the whole system briefly turns off 120 times every second (the voltage is +, 0, -, 0, +, 0, ). For this reason Tesla coils have a very loud 120 Hz hum that sounds “staticy” and ominous, as opposed to which are continuous, and tend to sound more like “tearing”.

Connoisseurs, I’m sure, will agree. The thing that got Tesla excited about coils and power transmission wasn’t the ability to magically pull free energy of of nowhere (that can’t actually work) and more about using the magnetic fields from ridiculously high voltages to cut down on the gradually accumulating power losses you get when you pass electricity through really long power lines.Perogie, what you describe, the self-sustaining generator, wouldn’t work.

Tesla coils can accumulate very high voltages, from much lower ones. In exchange, however, they must slow the current down to a crawl. Power is the voltage (how much energy each electron packs) multiplied by the current (the number of electrons passing through a point each second). Your losses in current will more or less exactly cancel out your gains in voltage, for no net change in power.Well, technically, you’ll still lose power to inefficient transformers and any incidental wire resistance, but you see what I mean. I built one of these with my son last year.

The inputIs a 30 ma 15kv neon transformer. There are about 12Winds in the primary, and 1200 in the secondary,Making the ratio 100:1, so the voltage is stepped upTo 1.5 million volts. It produces a ” lighting bolt” of about3 feet, depending on how I “tune” the spark gap. We haveA fan right at the spark gap to quench it, and it needs to beCleaned from time to time. If its in the back yard, it willLight a fluorescent bulb from up to 15 feet away, and is quiteLoud. Although Tesla’s coil is incredibly inefficient, ( think of theResistance encountered when trying to “electrify the world”), loud, (probablyAbout 100 dB for our medium coil), and dangerous (imagine havong aPacemaker next to one of those things) it does, in fact,Work. Tesla is by far the most under estimated, under compensated, andMisunderstood inventor of all time, and my favorite by a long margine.I’m glad he finally got credit for the invention of radio in 1943.

Too badHe wasnt alive to receive it. Admittedly a Tesla coil transmits power in very much the same way that a light bulb emits light energy, or a stereo (or even a ticking clock) emits sound energy. You can even harvest that energy from a distance. However, the amount of energy you can collect is tiny compared to the amount of energy that went into powering the coil.

In very much the same way that the amount of energy you can collect from a light bulb using solar panels is tiny compared to the energy that goes into lighting the bulb.So, sure, a Tesla coil transmits power in the same sense that effectively every functioning machine transmits power. But that’s not really what it’s designed to do. It seems you’re wrong again Physicist. The Tesla Coil was designed by Tesla to be a part of his “World System” of power transmission.

He wrote all about this in numerous papers as well as in his autobiography “My Inventions” which can be found atI don’t know why people insist on belittling his vision and the true power of his inventions. The Tesla Coil was one part of an array of devices which would have had world-changing implications.

Tesla himself states that his World System was tested, proven, and all it lacked was to be implemented. His only regret was perhaps that such great leaps in harnessing the power of Nature might lead destructive and disunited human wills to obliterate each other on massive “World” scales.When we look at the Tesla Coil as an independent unit of invention, we perhaps only see its independent operation. Tesla’s theories and accomplishments are often misstated or misunderstood by both proponents and opponents regarding free-energy.

Tesla never advocated “free-energy”, especially as zero cost energy formed from nothing; he did not advocate over-unity or perpetual motion; these terms differ and are not synonymous. Perpetual-motion—(hypothetical) a device of self-sustaining power and never-ending motion not possessing a necessity to create any power beyond sustaining its own motion; over-unity—(hypothetical) a device to produce more energy than it consumes.Free-energy (wind, water, solar, etc), excepting its intermittency, it can be replenishable or a non-exhaustive source of energy used for the development of power. Build a dam on a river and you will have a resultant lake; the captured water is at a static potential until intentionally flowed into a turbine by means of gravitational force. Free-energy is the force of nature (the universe); capable of providing to us power in ways beyond our wildest dreams.Tesla’s concepts were about cleaner and more effective energy supplies.

He understood that within the universe and this earth, there is non-exhaustive supplys of untapped esources. His objective was to discover methods to inexpensively obtain it, convert it into electricity, and transmit it wirelssly; so anyone within the world might receive it. The thing that keeps us from progressing in this direction is the stagnation of man’s thinking for the collective good. “Free-energy” (freedom) is a foul term to the powers that want to control it.Read Tesla’s Colorado Springs notes about forces acting on man relating to his own power potential vs. His future dynamics.

Tesla states (paraphrased) eventually the sun and universe will fade; however, it is the direct source of all energy and life we have on this planet; and dependent on man’s directional intent and velocity, he will either retard or excel his advancement into the future.A “naysayer” never discovers any potential because he is more interested in thinking something will not work before ever thinking it might; it is the dreamers that are the discoverers, the visionaries and the inventors. I might also point out that you INCORRECTLY explain the MECHANICS of the Tesla Coil. In your article above you say that “sparks to fly out of the top the rest of the machine” this could not be further from the truth.

Your statement is DIAMETRICALLY opposed to the ACTUAL flow of potential through the Tesla Coil. What you fail to realize is that the EFFECT you see with your naked eye creates and optical ILLUSION. As you watch the Tesla Coil operate your eyes see what LOOKS like sparks flying OUT OF the machine but in reality (this can be and has been proven) those “SPARKS” you see that appear to FLY OUT of the top are in fact “FLYING IN TO THE TOP” of the machine. Also pure logic DICTATES that his solar antennae (which can capture as much as 110 volt of potential – maybe more) would be implemented as the source voltage supply in the Tesla Coil (how you could not fathom this is beyond even me). One more thing I might point out is that it IS possible to pull energy from the ionosphere as one inventor has recently discovered. If I had to guess at your function in this article I would surmise your are one of two possible actors in the field of scientific suppression 1.) A super under educated victim of the scientific establishment or 2.) A scientific Suppression shill.Shill – noun1.

A person who poses as a customer in order to decoy others into participating, as at a gambling house, auction, confidence game, etc.2. A person who publicizes or praises something or someone for reasons of self-interest, personal profit, or friendship or loyalty. HiI red most of the comments here.The telsa coils we all build were teslas demonstration propose. Telsa realisation of radiant energy and theroies of plasma energy.Simply we all know a magnetic field a coil and a moving conduct within that field will induce flux in turn energy. Ok now telsa in my conclusion was not trying tobfind perpetual motion or free energy from the massive towers he built.One he had plates that whereSimply consider this yhe earth rotation right lol the earth has two magnetic polesSo therefore 1 you have your magnetic poles 2 rotation now you need a conductor right. Ok the hard part that everyone tried to find out how telsa got the energy. Ok now telsa in my conclusion was not trying tobfind perpetual motion or free energy from the massive towers he built.One he had plates that where positively charged to ground ( to earth ) from the primary the antenna was negatively charged and the secoundary was connected to a generator to prime a charge into the secoundary coil.

Thus causing and inducance and resonance frequency. Then the generator would shut down and the earths magnetic field and resonance would induce energy. Also most likely he would built these tower along key fault lines where the magnet field are the greastest along with possibly underground water flow as water pertian minerials flow along a high magnetic field would induce a small voltage into the primary.So a mr pyshic says he was inputing a voltage in hes telsa coil.Another thoery I had was telsa was possibly using the earth as a capacitor as well. Telsa was not trying to get free energy or perpetual motion otr energy he was using the energy potential that was already thereEarths rotation earths magnetic field the antenna (conductor) virtually he reversed the operation of the telsa coil as shown here matched the resonate frequency (unknown) transmission of energy telsa actually conducted is a story for another time. Just consider telsa coil a reverse of system of a radio transmission tower.Regards rob.

I’m not really sure what you’re trying to do?In a Tesla coil, the spark gap is necessary to sustain the discharge frequency of the capacitor bank and the gap setting is critical to the overall Tesla coil performance.You didn’t describe the type of switch you intend to us nor its frequency of operation.Why not just experiment with what you want to do and tell us your results. However, from what you have described, it seems you are not wanting to build a Tesla coil at all, but something else that will produce a on-demand single-high-voltage discharge hmm! I am researching building my own Tesla coil. Still going through the safety info before I attempt to electrocute myself or others.I will go with two 15kV 30ma transformers, 4″ x 22″ secondary and an 18″ diameter toroid. I think the expected arc length is 30″-50″Anyone help me with a couple questions?I am reading the varying safe distances. Is staying back twice the arc length acceptable? That would be 100″.2nd question – if the arc length is up to 50″, how far away must sensitive electronics be?

Cell phones, stereo equipment, etc? Further than 100″?I have limited space and need to carefully find where to run this.3rd question – I see online pics of people running these in their garage, arcs reaching the walls and ceiling. Isn’t this a fire hazard? I’m thinking NO to running it inside my garage and staying with outdoors.4th question – Neighbors are about 30 feet away. Will they experience any electronic interference?5th question – is someone has a pacemaker, and my arc length is up to 50″, how far back must they be?

“I will go with two 15kV 30ma transformers”, so you are going to use HV rectifiers?Now with the safety questions, Electronics: A faraday cage could be an option (most new electronics are not shielded, they have no metal housing with ground).Electronic interference with Neighbors (30ft), yes/most likely.People: Someone with a pace maker is NOT a good idea, you might see protocol for distance from a microwave oven to get some idea. Not very many people will want to touch on this subject for obvious reasons.Property: Running it outdoors is my best opinion because I can’t see what you have when all is said and done.Hoped this helps a little bit.Warm regards,Derek. This self-proclaimed “physicist” doesn’t know what he is talking about. Tesla was the greatest genius ever to live on this planet. Of course, this is my opinion, but it is a well founded one. Tesla’s coil isn’t useless! You know what is useless?

The answer the physicist gave. I highly recommend that you leave this page at once, and quit listening to Mr. High and Mighty ramble about a topic he (or she) knows nothing about. Do not vilify Tesla! Prevaricating about Nikola Tesla does nothing to diminish his total superiority over the average human being, including this “physicist”. I demand that this obloquy stop. Nikola was a better human than most people are.Evil Marconi and Edison.And the physicist.And the people who chose who wins the Nobel prize.

They clearly know nothing about Nikola Tesla! He invented the radio! The Tesla coil! Remote control! The electric motor! He was a polyglot!Humph.

I’m enjoying getting to the building of my Tesla Coil and learning all aspects of it.I am finishing my Terry filter. I understand how the MOVs will divert a stray arc away from the NST to the earth. I have (16) 1800V MOVs, 8 each side.1. But I calculate that I should have 10 each side? I have a 15k 60ma NST. I calculate 15000.

Red Alert Tesla Coil Sound Effect

1.414 / 1000 = 21.21 / 2 = 10.5. What I am doing wrong?2. What is the purposes of the capacitors in the Terry filter? I am thinking the MOV’s would divert the stray HV charge by themselves. Tesla did not invent the electric motor nor did he invent AC as doing so wouldn’t make sense.Faraday invented the electric motor and “discovered” AC which is the result of the relationship between electricity and magnetism. A relationship which exists throughout the cosmos.Maxwell then came along and created his famous field equations originally in quaternions, then later all were reduced into four easier to understand equations by Heaviside. The same easier to understand four that Tesla required for his “inventions”.